Tips ==== `WebAppSec Secure Coding Guidelines `_ `Django Secure `_ List of Secure Email Providers that take Privacy Serious -------------------------------------------------------- http://freedomhacker.net/list-of-secure-email-providers-that-take-privacy-serious/ * ShazzleMail One of the most secure email providers. * Hushmail.com Canadian based company, really great and respects privacy. The leading provider in secure email. Get %25 off paid plans with code FREEDOMHACKER. * StartMail.com * Lavabit Shut down as of August 2013 (the owner cannot state why, but many reliable sources say whistle blower Edward Snowden was using it, and the court made him shut the service down.) * SilentCircle.com Mail Shut down as of August 2013. All of their other services still work. * TorGuard.net * RiseUp.net Great secure offshore provider. Non profit and fights for digital freedoms. * OpaqueMail.org * Autistici/Inventati * NeoMailBox.com * 4SecureMail.com * CounterMail.cm * CryptoHeaven.com * S-Mail.com * Securenym.net * Safe-Mail.net * KeptPrivate.com * Novo-Ordo.com * LockBin.com * AES.io * SendINC.com Sends encrypted emails, not actually a provider, but allows full communication through your email but encrypting your email/emails. * Opolis.eu * OneShar.es – Self destructing emails * BitMessage.ch * MaskMe - Great service, its not a provider, not a throwaway email provider either. Read on their page what they are about. I would recommend using this everyday with Hushmail. * TorMail.org – Service now dead. How to create your own root key and root certificate ---------------------------------------------------- https://jamielinux.com/articles/2013/08/act-as-your-own-certificate-authority/ Copy default ``/etc/ssl/openssl.cnf`` sample file to your custom directory: .. code-block:: bash $ cp /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf ~/my_crt Ensure that your OpenSSL configuration file (``~/my_crt/openssl.cnf``) specifies ``dir=~/my_crt`` within the ``[ CA_default ]`` section. .. code-block:: bash [ CA_default ] dir = ~/my_crt The very first cryptographic pair we generate includes what is known as a root certificate. The root key (``ca.key.pem``) generated in this step should be kept extremely secure, Otherwise an attacker can issue valid certificates for themselves. We'll therefore protect it with ``AES 256-bit`` encryption and a strong password just in case it falls into the wrong hands: .. code-block:: bash $ openssl genrsa -aes256 -out ca.key.pem 4096 -config ~/my_crt/openssl.cnf Enter pass phrase for ca.key.pem: secretpassword Verifying - Enter pass phrase for ca.key.pem: secretpassword Open your OpenSSL configuration file (``~/my_crt/openssl.cnf``) and look for the ``[ usr_cert ]`` and ``[ v3_ca ]`` sections. Make sure they contain the following options: .. code-block:: bash [ usr_cert ] # These extensions are added when 'ca' signs a request. basicConstraints=CA:FALSE keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Certificate" subjectKeyIdentifier=hash authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer [ v3_ca ] # Extensions for a typical CA subjectKeyIdentifier=hash authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer basicConstraints = CA:true keyUsage = cRLSign, keyCertSign Now you can use the root key above to issue a root certificate (``ca.cert.pem``). In this example, the certificate is set to expire in ten years. As this is a CA certificate, use the ``v3_ca`` extension. You will be prompted for some responses, which you can fill with whatever you like. For convenience, defaults can be set in the openssl configuration file. The default digest is ``SHA-1``. ``SHA-1`` is considered insecure. Pass the ``-sha256`` option to use a more secure digest. .. code-block:: bash $ openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key ca.key.pem \ -sha256 -extensions v3_ca -out ca.cert.pem -config ~/my_crt/openssl.cnf Enter pass phrase for ca.key.pem: You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:GB State or Province Name (full name) []:London Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:London Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:Alice CA Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Certificate Authority Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:Alice CA Email Address []:alice@example.com Armed with your root key (ca.key.pem) and root certificate (ca.cert.pem), you are now ready to optionally create an intermediate certificate authority. How to generate a certificate signing request (CSR) --------------------------------------------------- https://gist.github.com/mtigas/952344 .. code-block:: bash $ openssl genrsa -aes256 -out client.key 4096 -config ~/my_crt/openssl.cnf $ openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr # self-signed $ openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in client.csr -CA ca.cert.pem -CAkey ca.key.pem -set_serial 01 -out client.crt Convert Client Key to PKCS -------------------------- .. code-block:: bash $ openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in client.crt -inkey client.key -out client.p12 Mutual Authentication --------------------- With ``des3``: .. code-block:: bash $ openssl genrsa -des3 -out ca.key 4096 $ openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key ca.key -out ca.crt $ openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024 $ openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr $ openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -set_serial 01 -out server.crt $ openssl genrsa -des3 -out client.key 1024 $ openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr $ openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in client.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -set_serial 02 -out client.crt $ openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in client.crt -inkey client.key -out client.p12 With ``aes256`` and some more options: .. code-block:: bash $ openssl genrsa -aes256 -out ca.key 4096 -config openssl.cnf $ openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key ca.key -sha256 -extensions v3_ca -out ca.crt -config openssl.cnf $ openssl genrsa -aes256 -out server.key 4096 -config openssl.cnf $ openssl req -new -key server.key -sha256 -extensions v3_ca -out server.csr -config openssl.cnf $ openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -set_serial 01 -out server.crt -sha256 -extfile server_extKey.cnf $ openssl genrsa -aes256 -out client.key 4096 -config openssl.cnf $ openssl req -new -key client.key -sha256 -extensions v3_ca -out client.csr -config openssl.cnf $ openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in client.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -set_serial 02 -out client.crt -sha256 -extfile client_extKey.cnf $ openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in client.crt -inkey client.key -out client.p12 .. code-block:: bash # client_extKey.cnf extendedKeyUsage = critical, clientAuth keyUsage=critical, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment .. code-block:: bash # server_extKey.cnf keyUsage=critical, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment .. code-block:: bash # Verify Server Certificate $ openssl verify -purpose sslserver -CAfile ca.crt server.crt # Verify Client Certificate $ openssl verify -purpose sslclient -CAfile ca.crt client.crt $ curl -v -s -k --key client.key --cert client.crt https://termestudio.com/ .. code-block:: bash server { server_name localhost; root html; index index.html index.htm; listen 443; ssl on; ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/certs/server.crt; ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/certs/server.key; ssl_client_certificate /etc/nginx/certs/ca.crt; ssl_verify_client on; ssl_verify_depth 2; ssl_session_timeout 5m; ssl_protocols SSLv2 SSLv3 TLSv1; ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; } .. code-block:: bash # openssl.cnf # # OpenSSL example configuration file. # This is mostly being used for generation of certificate requests. # # This definition stops the following lines choking if HOME isn't # defined. HOME = . RANDFILE = $ENV::HOME/.rnd # Extra OBJECT IDENTIFIER info: #oid_file = $ENV::HOME/.oid oid_section = new_oids # To use this configuration file with the "-extfile" option of the # "openssl x509" utility, name here the section containing the # X.509v3 extensions to use: # extensions = # (Alternatively, use a configuration file that has only # X.509v3 extensions in its main [= default] section.) [ new_oids ] # We can add new OIDs in here for use by 'ca', 'req' and 'ts'. # Add a simple OID like this: # testoid1=1.2.3.4 # Or use config file substitution like this: # testoid2=${testoid1}.5.6 # Policies used by the TSA examples. tsa_policy1 = 1.2.3.4.1 tsa_policy2 = 1.2.3.4.5.6 tsa_policy3 = 1.2.3.4.5.7 #################################################################### [ ca ] default_ca = CA_default # The default ca section #################################################################### [ CA_default ] dir = /home/or/workspace/prj/me/TS/crt # Where everything is kept certs = $dir/certs # Where the issued certs are kept crl_dir = $dir/crl # Where the issued crl are kept database = $dir/index.txt # database index file. #unique_subject = no # Set to 'no' to allow creation of # several ctificates with same subject. new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # default place for new certs. certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA certificate serial = $dir/serial # The current serial number crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber # the current crl number # must be commented out to leave a V1 CRL crl = $dir/crl.pem # The current CRL private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# The private key RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand # private random number file x509_extensions = usr_cert # The extentions to add to the cert # Comment out the following two lines for the "traditional" # (and highly broken) format. name_opt = ca_default # Subject Name options cert_opt = ca_default # Certificate field options # Extension copying option: use with caution. # copy_extensions = copy # Extensions to add to a CRL. Note: Netscape communicator chokes on V2 CRLs # so this is commented out by default to leave a V1 CRL. # crlnumber must also be commented out to leave a V1 CRL. # crl_extensions = crl_ext default_days = 365 # how long to certify for default_crl_days= 30 # how long before next CRL default_md = default # use public key default MD preserve = no # keep passed DN ordering # A few difference way of specifying how similar the request should look # For type CA, the listed attributes must be the same, and the optional # and supplied fields are just that :-) policy = policy_match # For the CA policy [ policy_match ] countryName = match stateOrProvinceName = match organizationName = match organizationalUnitName = optional commonName = supplied emailAddress = optional # For the 'anything' policy # At this point in time, you must list all acceptable 'object' # types. [ policy_anything ] countryName = optional stateOrProvinceName = optional localityName = optional organizationName = optional organizationalUnitName = optional commonName = supplied emailAddress = optional #################################################################### [ req ] default_bits = 2048 default_keyfile = privkey.pem distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name attributes = req_attributes x509_extensions = v3_ca # The extentions to add to the self signed cert # Passwords for private keys if not present they will be prompted for # input_password = secret # output_password = secret # This sets a mask for permitted string types. There are several options. # default: PrintableString, T61String, BMPString. # pkix : PrintableString, BMPString (PKIX recommendation before 2004) # utf8only: only UTF8Strings (PKIX recommendation after 2004). # nombstr : PrintableString, T61String (no BMPStrings or UTF8Strings). # MASK:XXXX a literal mask value. # WARNING: ancient versions of Netscape crash on BMPStrings or UTF8Strings. string_mask = utf8only # req_extensions = v3_req # The extensions to add to a certificate request [ req_distinguished_name ] countryName = Country Name (2 letter code) countryName_default = AU countryName_min = 2 countryName_max = 2 stateOrProvinceName = State or Province Name (full name) stateOrProvinceName_default = Some-State localityName = Locality Name (eg, city) 0.organizationName = Organization Name (eg, company) 0.organizationName_default = Internet Widgits Pty Ltd # we can do this but it is not needed normally :-) #1.organizationName = Second Organization Name (eg, company) #1.organizationName_default = World Wide Web Pty Ltd organizationalUnitName = Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) #organizationalUnitName_default = commonName = Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) commonName_max = 64 emailAddress = Email Address emailAddress_max = 64 # SET-ex3 = SET extension number 3 [ req_attributes ] challengePassword = A challenge password challengePassword_min = 4 challengePassword_max = 20 unstructuredName = An optional company name [ usr_cert ] # These extensions are added when 'ca' signs a request. # This goes against PKIX guidelines but some CAs do it and some software # requires this to avoid interpreting an end user certificate as a CA. basicConstraints=CA:FALSE # Here are some examples of the usage of nsCertType. If it is omitted # the certificate can be used for anything *except* object signing. # This is OK for an SSL server. # nsCertType = server # For an object signing certificate this would be used. # nsCertType = objsign # For normal client use this is typical # nsCertType = client, email # and for everything including object signing: # nsCertType = client, email, objsign # This is typical in keyUsage for a client certificate. keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment # This will be displayed in Netscape's comment listbox. nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Certificate" # PKIX recommendations harmless if included in all certificates. subjectKeyIdentifier=hash authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer # This stuff is for subjectAltName and issuerAltname. # Import the email address. # subjectAltName=email:copy # An alternative to produce certificates that aren't # deprecated according to PKIX. # subjectAltName=email:move # Copy subject details # issuerAltName=issuer:copy #nsCaRevocationUrl = http://www.domain.dom/ca-crl.pem #nsBaseUrl #nsRevocationUrl #nsRenewalUrl #nsCaPolicyUrl #nsSslServerName # This is required for TSA certificates. extendedKeyUsage = critical,timeStamping [ v3_req ] # Extensions to add to a certificate request basicConstraints = CA:FALSE keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment [ v3_ca ] # Extensions for a typical CA # PKIX recommendation. subjectKeyIdentifier=hash authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer # This is what PKIX recommends but some broken software chokes on critical # extensions. basicConstraints = critical,CA:true # So we do this instead. #basicConstraints = CA:true # Key usage: this is typical for a CA certificate. However since it will # prevent it being used as an test self-signed certificate it is best # left out by default. keyUsage = cRLSign, keyCertSign # Some might want this also # nsCertType = sslCA, emailCA # Include email address in subject alt name: another PKIX recommendation # subjectAltName=email:copy # Copy issuer details # issuerAltName=issuer:copy # DER hex encoding of an extension: beware experts only! # obj=DER:02:03 # Where 'obj' is a standard or added object # You can even override a supported extension: # basicConstraints= critical, DER:30:03:01:01:FF #extendedKeyUsage = critical, clientAuth [ crl_ext ] # CRL extensions. # Only issuerAltName and authorityKeyIdentifier make any sense in a CRL. # issuerAltName=issuer:copy authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always [ proxy_cert_ext ] # These extensions should be added when creating a proxy certificate # This goes against PKIX guidelines but some CAs do it and some software # requires this to avoid interpreting an end user certificate as a CA. basicConstraints=CA:FALSE # Here are some examples of the usage of nsCertType. If it is omitted # the certificate can be used for anything *except* object signing. # This is OK for an SSL server. # nsCertType = server # For an object signing certificate this would be used. # nsCertType = objsign # For normal client use this is typical # nsCertType = client, email # and for everything including object signing: # nsCertType = client, email, objsign # This is typical in keyUsage for a client certificate. # keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment # This will be displayed in Netscape's comment listbox. nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Certificate" # PKIX recommendations harmless if included in all certificates. subjectKeyIdentifier=hash authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer # This stuff is for subjectAltName and issuerAltname. # Import the email address. # subjectAltName=email:copy # An alternative to produce certificates that aren't # deprecated according to PKIX. # subjectAltName=email:move # Copy subject details # issuerAltName=issuer:copy #nsCaRevocationUrl = http://www.domain.dom/ca-crl.pem #nsBaseUrl #nsRevocationUrl #nsRenewalUrl #nsCaPolicyUrl #nsSslServerName # This really needs to be in place for it to be a proxy certificate. proxyCertInfo=critical,language:id-ppl-anyLanguage,pathlen:3,policy:foo #################################################################### [ tsa ] default_tsa = tsa_config1 # the default TSA section [ tsa_config1 ] # These are used by the TSA reply generation only. dir = ./demoCA # TSA root directory serial = $dir/tsaserial # The current serial number (mandatory) crypto_device = builtin # OpenSSL engine to use for signing signer_cert = $dir/tsacert.pem # The TSA signing certificate # (optional) certs = $dir/cacert.pem # Certificate chain to include in reply # (optional) signer_key = $dir/private/tsakey.pem # The TSA private key (optional) default_policy = tsa_policy1 # Policy if request did not specify it # (optional) other_policies = tsa_policy2, tsa_policy3 # acceptable policies (optional) digests = md5, sha1 # Acceptable message digests (mandatory) accuracy = secs:1, millisecs:500, microsecs:100 # (optional) clock_precision_digits = 0 # number of digits after dot. (optional) ordering = yes # Is ordering defined for timestamps? # (optional, default: no) tsa_name = yes # Must the TSA name be included in the reply? # (optional, default: no) ess_cert_id_chain = no # Must the ESS cert id chain be included? # (optional, default: no) Note about common name: Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:example.local The Common Name option is the most important, as your domain used with the certificate needs to match it. If you use the "www" subdomain, this means specifying the "www" subdomain as well! Note about serial number: This error ``(Error code: sec_error_reused_issuer_and_serial)`` occurred in firefox page with this description: Your certificate contains the same serial number as another certificate issued by the certificate authority. Please get a new certificate containing a unique serial number. When serial number for client and CA is the same. Resources: https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/x509v3_config.html https://tech.mendix.com/linux/2014/10/29/nginx-certs-sni/ https://serversforhackers.com/ssl-certs/ http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1402699/bad-openssl-certificate http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19726138/openssl-error-18-at-0-depth-lookupself-signed-certificate https://github.com/nategood/sleep-tight/blob/master/scripts/create-certs.sh http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20767548/nginx-subdomain-ssl-redirect-redirects-top-level-domain Self Sign Authentication ------------------------ .. code-block:: bash $ openssl genrsa -out ca.key 4096 $ openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key ca.key -out ca.crt $ openssl genrsa -out client.key 4096 $ openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr $ openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in client.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -set_serial 01 -out client.crt $ openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in client.crt -inkey client.key -out client.p12 .. code-block:: bash server { server_name localhost; root html; index index.html index.htm; listen 443; ssl on; ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/certs/ca.crt; ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/certs/ca.key; ssl_client_certificate /etc/nginx/certs/client.crt; ssl_verify_client on; ssl_session_timeout 5m; ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; ssl_ciphers "HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5 or HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5:!3DES"; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ =404; } } Resources: https://gist.github.com/eliangcs/6316574 https://gist.github.com/twined/cfdaa968223c9e293b59 Can I build my own Extended Validation (EV) SSL certificate? ------------------------------------------------------------ http://serverfault.com/questions/48053/can-i-build-my-own-extended-validation-ssl-certificate http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10950014/green-bar-for-self-made-ssl https://www.sslshopper.com/cheapest-ev-ssl-certificates.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Validation_Certificate http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8455113/firefox-ssl-you-are-connected-to-whatever-com-which-is-run-by-unknown JSON Web Token -------------- JSON Web Token is a fairly new standard which can be used for token-based authentication. Unlike the built-in TokenAuthentication scheme, JWT Authentication doesn't need to use a database to validate a token. http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/authentication/#json-web-token-authentication JWT (Json web token) Vs Custom Token http://stackoverflow.com/a/31737111 http://getblimp.github.io/django-rest-framework-jwt/ https://jwt.io/introduction/